Global mortality from firearms, 1990−2016
Published August 28, 2018, in JAMA (opens in a new window)
Abstract
Understanding global variation in firearm mortality rates could guide prevention policies and interventions.
Objective
To estimate mortality due to firearm injury deaths from 1990 to 2016 in 195 countries and territories.
Design, Setting, and Participants
This study used deidentified aggregated data including 13,812 location-years of vital registration data to generate estimates of levels and rates of death by age-sex-year-location. The proportion of suicides in which a firearm was the lethal means was combined with an estimate of per capita gun ownership in a revised proxy measure used to evaluate the relationship between availability or access to firearms and firearm injury deaths.
Exposures
Firearm ownership and access.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Cause-specific deaths by age, sex, location, and year.
Results
Worldwide, it was estimated that 251,000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 195,000-276,000) people died from firearm injuries in 2016, with six countries (Brazil, United States, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Guatemala) accounting for 50.5% (95%UI, 42.2%−54.8%) of those deaths. In 1990, there were an estimated 209,000 (95% UI, 172,000−235,000) deaths from firearm injuries. Globally, the majority of firearm injury deaths in 2016 were homicides (64.0% [95% UI, 54.2%−68.0%]; absolute value, 161,000 deaths [95% UI, 107,000−182,000]); additionally, 27% were firearm suicide deaths (67,500 [95% UI, 55,400−84,100]) and 9% were unintentional firearm deaths (23,000 [95% UI, 18,200−24,800]). From 1990 to 2016, there was no significant decrease in the estimated global age-standardized firearm homicide rate (−0.2% [95% UI, −0.8% to 0.2%]). Firearm suicide rates decreased globally at an annualized rate of 1.6% (95% UI, 1.1−2.0), but in 124 of 195 countries and territories included in this study, these levels were either constant or significant increases were estimated. There was an annualized decrease of 0.9% (95% UI, 0.5%−1.3%) in the global rate of age-standardized firearm deaths from 1990 to 2016. Aggregate firearm injury deaths in 2016 were highest among persons aged 20 to 24 years (for men, an estimated 34,700 deaths [95% UI, 24,900−39,700] and for women, an estimated 3,580 deaths [95% UI, 2,810−4,210]). Estimates of the number of firearms by country were associated with higher rates of firearm suicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.21) and homicide (P < .001; R2 = 0.35).
Conclusions and Relevance
This study estimated between 195,000 and 276,000 firearm injury deaths globally in 2016, the majority of which were firearm homicides. Despite an overall decrease in rates of firearm injury death since 1990, there was variation among countries and across demographic subgroups.
Citation
GBD 2016 Injury Collaborators. Global Mortality From Firearms, 1990-2016. JAMA. 28 Aug 2018; 320(8):792-814. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.10060.
Authors
- Mohsen Naghavi,
- Christopher J.L. Murray,
- Theo Vos,
- Ali Mokdad,
- Stephen Lim,
- Simon Hay,
- Laurie Marczak,
- Michael Kutz,
- Katya Shackelford,
- Megha Arora,
- Molly Miller-Petrie,
- Lalit Dandona,
- Rakhi Dandona,
- Samath D. Dharmaratne,
- Valery Feigin,
- Kyle Foreman,
- Nancy Fullman,
- Caitlin Hawley,
- Spencer James,
- Ibrahim Khalil,
- Kris Krohn,
- Heidi Larson,
- Joseph Salama