Summary
Background
Despite the evidence on the poor quality of antenatal care (ANC) services, significant gap remains in the understanding of quality-adjusted coverage at the population-level for each ANC visit and by the source of ANC services, and in equity in this coverage.
Methods
All births between July 2020 and June 2021 were listed from 261,124 households (91.5% participation) representative of the Bihar state. Mothers of all stillbirths and neonatal deaths, and of 25% random sample of livebirths who survived the neonatal period provided data on each ANC visit up to a maximum of first 4 ANC visits, including the source of ANC services and the services received (weight measurement, blood pressure checked, abdomen checked, urine sample taken, and blood sample taken). An ANC visit was deemed of quality if all of these services were received in that visit. We report the coverage of quality-adjusted ANC services (Q-ANC) for ANC visits 1–4 disaggregated by source of ANC services and wealth index (WI). Weighted proportions are reported to take into account the sampling design.
Findings
A total of 30,412 births were reported by 29,517 women, and 7270 (82.1%) of the 8853 eligible women participated. Overall, 19,950 unique ANC visits from 6929 women were available for analysis, of which 41.7%, 13.8% and 44.5% were at Village Health and Nutrition Day (VNHD), public facility, and with a private provider, respectively. A total of 4409 (65.3%) of the 1st ANC visits were undertaken at VHND, with the proportion of private provider ANC visits increasing significantly from ANC visit 1 to ANC visit 4 (p < 0.001). Q-ANC coverage considering all ANC visits was 20.9% (95% CI 20.7–21.2); and was 0.9% (95% CI 0.8–1.0), 29.9% (95% CI 29.2–30.7) and 36.9% (95% CI 36.5–37.4) for ANC visits in VHND, public facilities, and with private provider, respectively.
Q-ANC coverage in the public facility was significantly lower in the 4th ANC visit (25.1%; 95% CI 23.4–26.9) as compared with visits 1 to 3, whereas it was the highest for 1st ANC visit with private provider (50.2%; 95% CI 49.2–51.1) and then dropped for visits 2 to 4. Irrespective of the source of ANC services, Q-ANC coverage increased significantly with increasing WI quartile for ANC visits 1 and 2, with WI quartile 3 women having significantly less coverage for ANC visit 3 compared to the rest, and no significant difference seen in the coverage of ANC 4 visit. Varied pattern of Q-ANC coverage by WI for each ANC visit was seen for public facility and private provider visits.
Interpretation
With only 2 of 10 ANC visits deemed of adequate quality, sustainable delivery of quality ANC services are needed for every pregnant woman throughout the pregnancy irrespective of gestation period, number of ANC visit, and source of ANC services.
Funding
The funding was provided by the India office of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USA.
